dU=δQ−δWdU = \delta Q - \delta W dU=δQ−δW
dS≥δQT,dS孤立≥0dS \ge \frac{\delta Q}{T}, \qquad dS_{\text{孤立}} \ge 0 dS≥TδQ,dS孤立≥0
η≤1−TcTh\eta \le 1 - \frac{T_c}{T_h} η≤1−ThTc
H=U+pV,F=U−TS,G=H−TSH = U + pV, \qquad F = U - TS, \qquad G = H - TS H=U+pV,F=U−TS,G=H−TS